"Hardware runs. Software instructs. Knowware coordinates. For forty years everyone talked about the first two and nobody named the third. I named it. And once you name it, you cannot unsee it — in every system, everywhere, always."
Chinese systems thinker who articulated the Knowware Principle: that between hardware (the physical layer) and software (the instruction layer) there is a third coordination layer — knowware — that determines whether a system produces intelligence or merely computation. His framework preceded and predicts the alignment problem by naming the missing coordination stratum.